Imikorere ya acide

Mu myaka yashize, hamwe n’ibura ry’ibura ry’imyanda n’ibidukikije byangirika by’imibereho y’abantu, imikoreshereze inoze kandi irambye y’imikoreshereze y’amashanyarazi nka biomass yabaye intandaro y’ubushakashatsi no kwitabwaho n’abahanga ku isi.Acide, kimwe mubicuruzwa byingenzi byifashishwa mu gutunganya ibinyabuzima, bifite ibiranga bihendutse kandi byoroshye kubona, bidafite uburozi, ubwinshi bw’ingufu nyinshi, bishobora kuvugururwa kandi byangirika, n'ibindi. Kubikoresha mu gukoresha ingufu nshya no guhindura imiti ntabwo bifasha kurushaho kwaguka i Porogaramu iacide, ariko kandi ifasha gukemura ibibazo bimwe na bimwe bikunze kugaragara muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya biorefining. Uru rupapuro rwasuzumye muri make amateka yubushakashatsi bwa acide gukoresha, muri make iterambere ryubushakashatsi bugezweho bwaacide nkibikorwa byiza kandi byinshi-bigamije reagent nibikoresho fatizo muri synthesis ya chimique no guhinduranya catalitike ya biomass, kandi ugereranije no gusesengura ihame shingiro na catalitike yo gukoresha acide gukora kugirango ugere kumiti ihinduka neza. Hagaragajwe ko ubushakashatsi buzaza bugomba kwibanda ku kunoza imikoreshereze ya acide ya forme no kumenya synthesis ihitamo, kandi ikanagura ibikorwa byayo hashingiwe kuri iyi ngingo.

Muri synthesis ya chimique,acide, nkibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije kandi birashobora kuvugururwa byinshi-bikora reagent, birashobora gukoreshwa muburyo bwo guhitamo uburyo bwo guhitamo amatsinda atandukanye. Nka hydrogène yoherejwe reagent cyangwa igabanya agent ifite hydrogène nyinshi,acide ifite ibyiza byo gukora byoroshye kandi bigenzurwa, ibintu byoroheje hamwe no guhitamo imiti ugereranije na hydrogen gakondo. Ikoreshwa cyane mukugabanya guhitamo aldehydes, nitro, imine, nitrile, alkine, alukene nibindi kugirango habeho alcool, amine, alukene na alkane. Na hydrolysis hamwe nitsinda ryimikorere deprotection ya alcool na epoxide. Urebye koacide Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nka C1 ibikoresho fatizo, nkibyingenzi byinshi-bigamije shingiro reagent,acide Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mukugabanya formylation yibikomoka kuri quinoline, formylation na methylation yibintu bya amine, carbonylation ya olefin hamwe no kugabanya hydration ya alkynes hamwe nandi moko menshi ya tandem reaction, nuburyo bwingenzi bwo kugera kumurongo mwiza kandi woroshye wicyatsi kibisi kandi gikomeye. molekile. Ikibazo cyibikorwa nkibi ni ugushakisha ibintu byinshi bitanga imbaraga hamwe no guhitamo byinshi hamwe nibikorwa byo kugenzura ibikorwa acide n'amatsinda yihariye akora. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekanye ko gukoresha aside ya formike nkibikoresho fatizo bya C1 bishobora kandi guhuza mu buryo butaziguye imiti myinshi nka methanol hamwe no guhitamo byinshi binyuze muri catalitiki idahwitse.

Muguhindura catalitike ya biomass, ibikorwa byinshi byaacidetanga ubushobozi bwo kumenya ibyatsi, umutekano kandi bihendutse-biorefining inzira. Umutungo wa biyomasi nisoko nini kandi itanga ibyiringiro birambye, ariko kubihindura muburyo bukoreshwa bikomeje kuba ingorabahizi. Imiterere ya acide nibintu byiza bya solide ya acide irashobora gukoreshwa muburyo bwo kwitegura ibikoresho bya biomass kugirango bamenye gutandukanya ibice bya lignocellulose no gukuramo selile. Ugereranije na sisitemu gakondo yo gutondekanya aside irike, ifite ibyiza byo guteka gake, gutandukana byoroshye, nta kwinjiza ion organic, hamwe no guhuza gukomeye kumyuka yo hasi. Nka hydrogène ikora neza,acide yize kandi cyane kandi ikoreshwa muburyo bwo guhitamo catalitike ihinduranya ibinyabuzima bya biomass bivanze n’imiti yongerewe agaciro, kwangirika kwa lignine kubintu bya aromatic, hamwe na bio-peteroli hydrodeoxidation yo gutunganya. Ugereranije na gakondo ya hydrogenation iterwa na H2, acide formic ifite imikorere ihindagurika kandi yoroheje. Nibyoroshye kandi bifite umutekano, kandi birashobora kugabanya neza ibikoresho ningufu zikoreshwa mumyanda yimyanda mubikorwa bijyanye no gutunganya bio. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekanye ko mugukoresha depolymerizing okiside lignine muriacide igisubizo cyamazi mubihe byoroheje, igisubizo gito cya molekuline yuburemere bwa aromatic hamwe nuburemere burenze 60% birashobora kuboneka. Ubu buvumbuzi bushya buzana amahirwe mashya yo gukuramo mu buryo butaziguye imiti yimiti ihumura neza ya lignin.

Muri make, bio-ishingiye acideYerekana imbaraga zikomeye muguhindura icyatsi kibisi no guhinduranya biomass, kandi guhuza kwinshi hamwe nibintu byinshi nibyingenzi kugirango tugere ku mikoreshereze myiza y’ibikoresho fatizo no guhitamo ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. Kugeza ubu, uyu murima umaze kugeraho kandi wateye imbere byihuse, ariko haracyari intera nini yo gukoresha inganda nyirizina, kandi birakenewe ubundi bushakashatsi. Ubushakashatsi bw'ejo hazaza bugomba kwibanda ku ngingo zikurikira: (1) uburyo bwo guhitamo ibyuma bifatika bya catalitiki ikora hamwe na sisitemu yo kubyitwaramo; (2) uburyo bwo gukora neza no kugenzura gukora aside irike imbere yibindi bikoresho fatizo na reagent; (3) Nigute dushobora gusobanukirwa nuburyo bwo kwitwara bwibintu bigoye bivuye kurwego rwa molekile; (4) Nigute ushobora gutezimbere cataliseri ijyanye nibikorwa bijyanye. Dutegereje ejo hazaza, hashingiwe kubikenewe muri societe igezweho kubidukikije, ubukungu niterambere rirambye, chimie acide formique izitabwaho cyane nubushakashatsi buva mu nganda na za kaminuza.